Condensed from the Application for the National Register of Historic Places, 2024

Modern chemistry during the Industrial Revolution invented products that made life more
affordable and convenient. One major product was rayon. Of the three ways to manufacture it,
the British firm of George Courtauld & Co. purchased the patent for the manufacturing of
‘viscose’ rayon in 1906. Perfecting the manufacturing process, they looked to the exploding
population of the United States to establish manufacturing.

America Viscose Co.

In 1909 Courtauld founded the American Viscose Co. in Philadelphia and built their first rayon
manufacturing plant in Marcus Hook, PA. With enormous success, a second plant was built in
Roanoke, VA in 1916.

The demand for rayon, also named artificial silk at the time, continued to far surpass production
capabilities. A third plant was scheduled for construction in Lewistown. The first phase opened
here in 1921, employing over 1,400 men and women. Demand continued to increase, so a plant
expansion was started in May, 1922 to double the size of the workforce. Subsequent expansions
through 1928 made employment soar to almost 5,000 men and women. Women exceeded 40%
of the workforce.

American Viscose had to look to western PA to find additional employees. Many working in the
coal mines found the new rayon plant working conditions better and the Lewistown area
appealing. The company decided to build an industrial village to house the new workers.

The Birth of Juniata Terrace

Land was found just south of the plant, on a hill that was a 150-acre farm. Owned as an
investment by Dr. Henry Sweigart of Lewistown, almost half of the farm was slated for the new
industrial village. On May 17, 1922 American Viscose Co. purchased the farm for $45,000.

Dr. Swigart was given the honor of naming the new village, “Juniata Terrace.”
The Shade family was renting the farm from Dr. Sweigart. American Viscose continued to rent
approximately 80 acres to the Shade’s. They were told that they could stay as long as they
wished. For the next 51 years, Bill Shade operated and lived on the farm, even beyond the
closing of the Lewistown plant. American Viscose kept its promise.

The Design of Juniata Terrace

The Philadelphia architecture firm of Bellinger & Perrot designed the three American Viscose
plants, including the Lewistown plant with its expansions. During that time, Emile Perrot left the
company and started his own firm to concentrate on designs of buildings for universities and
churches. His work was so respected that American Viscose asked him to design the new
community of Juniata Terrace.

Perrot traveled Europe and the US extensively to adopt design styles for the villages under his
direction. His first was a village at the Marcus Hook Viscose plant and then a larger industrial
village in Wilmington, DE. To alleviate the feeling of congestion, he used a popular design
concept from the Garden Cities movement that provided for open space and greenways within
a community of closely built homes. Perrot decided this would be the best approach for the
industrial village of Juniata Terrace.

Perrot chose a red brick, Late 19th and Early 20th Century American Movements house style for
the village. This architecture style allowed Perrot to employ cost-saving, repetitive designs while
assimilating the row homes within the Garden City community. Perrot’s use of multiple
architectural design influences were certainly significant for the enduring historic qualities of
Juniata Terrace. Although the features were simplistic, the totality of the village layout, the
repetitive front porches and bay windows and the slanted rooflines come together to form a
harmonious design.

Formally organized around one large, central green-space boulevard in four sections, four
blocks of row homes align the boulevard on each side. The front of the eight blocks of row
homes face the centralized green space known as Terrace Boulevard. One additional block of
homes is situated behind the first block of Terrace Blvd., fronting Hudson Avenue. Those homes
face north. Two other blocks arranged linearly are situated behind the south side of the first
two blocks of Terrace Blvd. Those homes face south, fronting Delaware Avenue. The fourth
block of Terrace Boulevard is set at an angle, providing some relief to the linear layout.
The village consisted of 250 homes, the elementary school, the store building with a grocery
store and a drug store and 112 garages. The grocery store was originally leased by the Weis
Pure Foods Stores, today’s Weis Markets. A full playground was built for the school and village.
American Viscose gifted the land for the church in 1950. It opened in 1952. Today, the village is
the same except that 52 of the garages remain and the school is being repurposed.
The village was considered the most modern for its time, with homes having full plumbing, a
coal furnace in the basement for central heating, all electrical wiring enclosed within the walls
of the homes, and piped sewage from each home underground to the disposal plant. The
residents were given the option of telephone service since Bell Telephone provided the lines to
the homes. Twelve windows, and nineteen in the end and break homes, provide considerable
natural sunlight and ventilation. The original design and features are still current for today’s
living requirements.
Each home featured a living room, a dining room and a kitchen on the first floor, with a full
bathroom, three bedrooms and closets on the second floor. The front porches are still an
important feature, and the second-floor bay windows and sloping roofs add character to the
fronts of the homes. The back yards feature a hair-pin iron fence with a gate. The popular
“Green and Cream” trim made a uniform appearance, still in practice today.

Construction

The Ballinger Co. was hired to manage construction and design the storm drainage and sewer
system. This included the building of a modern sewage treatment plant. The H.C. Ambler Co.
was the excavator and the Brocklehurst Co. was the general contractor, both from Philadelphia.
Hundreds of various trade workers were hired. Sub-contractors provided wallpapering,
furnaces and landscaping. A number of local companies participated in construction and supply
of materials.

A spur rail line was constructed up the hill from the Pennsylvania Rail Road to the corner of
today’s Delaware Ave. and Rt. 103. This was necessary to deliver the massive earth moving
equipment and the tons of building supplies. The project required millions of feet of lumber,
bricks and wallboard, over 3,000 windows and 3,000 doors, drainage and sewer pipes, kitchen
and bathroom appliances and fixtures, and much more over the next two years.
After the train from Philadelphia arrived, ground was broken on Monday, June 25, 1923. The
“big cut” was excavated to create the terraced area for the community. The removed dirt was
pushed to create the space for the school, playground and stores (and eventually the church).
The first home was occupied by the Allen family in December, 1924. Daughter Sandy still lives in
a home at Juniata Terrace. The last home was occupied in December, 1925. The streets and
sidewalks were completed early in 1926 and the boulevards were planted with grass, bushes,
trees and flowers that fall. The stores opened in 1927. The school was gifted to the School
District of Granville Township on August 30, 1928, just prior to its opening.

 
The Residents

As landlords, American Viscose Co. required at least one person on the lease of each home to
work at the Lewistown plant. In some cases, one or more did, with a wife, and even adult
children. Rent was initially $1.00 a week, deducted from weekly earnings. With the residents’
annual earnings of $1,100 to $1,300 a year, this was a considerable relief to families. By May,
1944, the weekly rent increased to $4.60, still a significant benefit. It is not surprising that there
was a long wait-list of employees wanting to live at Juniata Terrace.
The 1930 census shows that there were 1,710 residents, with 610 working for American
Viscose. Some homes had upwards of 13 occupants. A number of homes took in bordersusually family members or close friends who were on a wait list to get their own home at
Juniata Terrace. Cots for sleeping in the basement must have been a cozy life.
There was a maintenance person on site, employed by American Viscose. If something needed
repaired, it was his responsibility. Paint and wall papering was refreshed when needed. All
outside areas were maintained by American Viscose.
Some have called Juniata Terrace a company town, which is incorrect. Other than required
employment at American Viscose, there were no other requirements of the residents. There
was no company script, no company store where purchases were required or any of the horrific
conditions for which company towns received such dire reputations. American Viscose got it
right when they called it an industrial village.

 
Through the Years

When American Viscose was sold in 1949, its new owner did not want to own and support
housing for its workers. So, all homes were offered for sale to the renter. The last home was
purchased in December, 1950. From that point, the streets and public lands of Juniata Terrace
became the ward of Granville Township and the new Juniata Terrace Civic Association.
Improvements were made through the years by the Civic Association, building a cable TV
system in 1954, a second playground in circa 1959 and a new community building in 1961. It
also erected its War Memorial honoring those residents who gave their lives for our freedom.

In 1967, Juniata Terrace became a borough independent of Granville Township, as its own
governing entity with a Mayor and Borough Council. More improvements continued, such as
street lighting and the paving of alleys. In 1972, when the Viscose closed after destruction by
Hurricane Agnes, many residents at Juniata Terrace lost their jobs. Unlike what has happened
to industrial towns across America, Juniata Terrace did not die. Even after a devastating fire in
2014 affecting 25 homes, it quickly rebounded.

The Garden City design of Juniata Terrace was significant in creating an environment for the
enjoyment and benefit of its residents. It supported the unified society of Juniata Terrace, allowing
its residents to maintain its own middle-class social order without it being boxed in as a closed
society. In turn, residents’ participation in churches, schools, recreation and other activities in
Lewistown blended the two communities into a larger social entity.

Juniata Terrace has survived the Great Depression, major wars, its sale by American Viscose,
the closing of American Viscose and a major fire. Today it flourishes for one reason: The
collective will of its residents. A perfect example of what has always made America.

Other Source: “Juniata Terrace… A Walk Back in Time” (2024) by Rick Bodenschatz